Table 2 Patient and surgical characteristics in the single-arm trial and contemporaneous comparison group

Age, years

64.0 [54.0, 72.0]

65.0 [56.0, 72.0]

0.107

Male Sex^a

8838 (56.0)

237 (51.9)

0.083

Race

0.172

 White

12192 (77.2)

377 (82.5)

 Black

1417 (9.0)

37 (8.1)

 Asian or Pacific Islander

698 (4.4)

18 (3.9)

 Other

131 (0.8)

4 (0.9)

 Unknown

1358 (8.6)

21 (4.6)

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

314 (2.0)

6 (1.3)

0.053

ASA Physical Status Class IV

2186 (13.8)

40 (8.8)

0.161

Vanwalraven Elixhauser Comorbidity Index

11.0 [4.0, 19.0]

11.0 [3.0, 17.0]

0.094

 AIDS/HIV^b

47 (0.3)

1 (0.2)

0.017

 Alcohol abuse^b

294 (1.9)

4 (0.9)

0.085

 Blood loss anemia^b

378 (2.4)

7 (1.5)

0.063

 Cardiac arrhythmias^b

5451 (34.5)

108 (23.6)

0.244

 Chronic pulmonary disease^b

3606 (22.8)

87 (19.0)

0.095

 Congestive heart failure^c

1744 (11.0)

33 (7.2)

0.134

 Coagulopathy^d

1900 (12.0)

32 (7.0)

0.173

 Deficiency anemia^d

689 (4.4)

15 (3.3)

0.058

 Depression^d

2964 (18.8)

86 (18.8)

0.010

 Diabetes complicated^c

1382 (8.7)

36 (7.9)

0.033

 Diabetes uncomplicated^c

2703 (17.1)

89 (19.5)

0.061

 Drug abuse^d

727 (4.6)

11 (2.4)

0.120

 Fluid electrolyte disorders^d

4978 (31.5)

116 (25.4)

0.138

 Hypertension, complicated^d

3008 (19.0)

74 (16.2)

0.077

 Hypertension, uncomplicated^d

8132 (51.5)

242 (53.0)

0.030

 Hypothyroidism^d

2388 (15.1)

66 (14.4)

0.022

 Liver disease^d

1696 (10.7)

65 (14.2)

0.106

 Lymphoma^d

225 (1.4)

8 (1.8)

0.028

 Metastatic cancer^d

3183 (20.2)

121 (26.5)

0.150

 Obesity^d

3631 (23.0)

117 (25.6)

0.061

 Other neurologic disorders^d

1953 (12.4)

24 (5.3)

0.254

 Paralysis^d

602 (3.8)

7 (1.5)

0.142

 Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding^d

258 (1.6)

7 (1.5)

0.013

 Peripheral vascular disorders^d

2709 (17.1)

58 (12.7)

0.127

 Psychoses^d

165 (1.0)

4 (0.9)

0.020

 Pulmonary circulation disorders^d

959 (6.1)

17 (3.7)

0.110

 Renal failure^d

2777 (17.6)

71 (15.5)

0.057

 Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases^d

654 (4.1)

15 (3.3)

0.047

 Solid tumor without metastasis^d

6578 (41.6)

209 (45.7)

0.083

 Valvular disease^d

1284 (8.1)

18 (3.9)

0.178

 Weight loss^d

2291 (14.5)

58 (12.7)

0.055

Procedure started in afternoon^d

5204 (32.9)

133 (29.1)

0.105

Procedural service

0.856

 General

1971 (12.5)

124 (27.1)

 Orthopedics

1955 (12.4)

61 (13.3)

 Urology

1136 (7.2)

56 (12.3)

 Neurosurgery

4168 (26.4)

47 (10.3)

 Vascular

1483 (9.4)

33 (7.2)

 Transplant

877 (5.6)

23 (5.0)

 Otolaryngology

1129 (7.1)

17 (3.7)

 Obstetrics and gynecology

353 (2.2)

8 (1.8)

 Oral/maxillofacial

95 (0.6)

5 (1.1)

 Plastics

181 (1.1)

4 (0.9)

 Cardiac

93 (0.6)

2 (0.4)

 Colorectal

41 (0.3)

1 (0.2)

 Surgery-oncology

25 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

 Trauma

115 (0.7)

1 (0.2)

 Thoracic

1192 (7.5)

1 (0.2)

 Radiology

74 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

 Cardiothoracic

185 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

 Pain management

20 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 Surgical service-other

673 (4.3)

70 (15.3)

 Other

30 (0.2)

3 (0.7)