Table 1 Common PAI cocktails

2020

Nicolino et al. (2020)

Before cementation of the prosthesis:

30 ml of the posterior capsule, 10 ml of medial femoral and lateral periosteum on each side, and 10 ml of tibial periosteum

Before closing:

40 ml the extensor apparatus, suprapatellar synovium, pes anserimus, cellular subcutaneous tissue

Before cementation of the prosthesis:

20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine

8 mg morphine

1 mg/1 ml in 0.3 ml of epinephrine

Before closing:

20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine

20 ml saline solution

2019

Kim et al. (2019)

Posterior to the femur, beginning at the midline

Deep injection before cementation:

30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:3,000,000 epinephrine plus methylprednisolone 40 mg/l plus cefazolin 500 mg in 10 ml and normal saline 22 ml

The superficial injection before closure:

20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine

2018

Sankineani et al. (2018a; 2018b)

Before the implant insertion—30 ml to the tissues around medial and lateral collateral ligaments

And 30 ml into the incision site after implant insertion

30 ml 0.2% ropivacaine, 40 mg ketorolac, 0.5 ml of adrenaline, 4 mg of morphine sulfate, and 30 ml of distilled water

2020

Dannana et al. (2020)

before implantation:

40 ml infiltrated into the posteromedial and postero-lateral capsule and PCL

After implantation:

60 ml was infiltrated into the medial and lateral gutters, quadriceps mechanism, vastus medialis obliquus, patella tendon, and the medial periosteum

20 ml solution was infiltrated in the subcutaneous plane before wound closure

30 ml 0.2% ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, inj adrenaline 0.5 ml 1:1000 solution, inj morphine 5 mg (10 mg/ml) mixed with 88 ml normal saline

2020

Altay et al. (2020)

Periarticular:

5 ml posterior capsule

5 ml medial capsule/synovium/periosteum

5 ml quadriceps tendon, and 5 ml lateral capsule/synovium/periosteum

Incisional injection:

Subcutaneous tissue around the midline incision before the wound closure

After implantation

20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine chloride

Incisional injection of 10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine chloride

2018

Zlotnicki et al. (2018)

Before cementation:

30 ml into the posterior capsule (avoiding the midline) and the periosteum of the femur and tibia

After cementation of implants:

30 ml along the arthrotomy, including the quadriceps and patellar tendon

20 ml throughout the subcutaneous layer

20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine

70 ml normal saline

2018

Mont et al. (2018)

Prior to cementation:

Posterior capsule (Tran et al. 2021; Tran et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020) and 8-10 ml lateral; femur- medial and lateral periosteum, posterior periosteum, suprapatellar/quadriceps tendon; Tibia- fat pad, pes anserinus, medial collateral ligament and gutter (15 ml); circumferential periosteum (15–20 ml)

After cementation:

Medline quadriceps tendon (10 ml); retinaculum, medial gutter, femoral to tibia (10 ml); Lateral gutter, femoral to tibial (10 ml), subcutaneous/closure (10 ml)

20 ml 0.5% liposomal bupivacaine

100 ml normal saline

2020

Wang et al. (2020)

Before the osteotomy:

Periosteum of the distal femur and proximal tibia

Tranexamic acid, epinephrine, methylprednisolone, and ropivacaine diluted to a total volume of 100 ml with normal saline

2020

Cheng et al. (2020)

Before the prosthesis installation:

20 mL posterior capsule, including femoral attachments of anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, posteromedial and posterolateral capsules

After prosthesis installation:

40mLmedial and lateral collateral ligament, quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, pes anserinus, fat pad, and subcutaneous tissues

200 mg ropivacaine, 100ug fentanyl, 0.25 mg adrenaline, 50 mg flurbiprofen axetil, 1 mg diprospan, additionaddition of normal saline to a 60 mL soliton

2021

Wang et al. (2021a)

Before prosthesis implantation:

20 mL posterior aspect of the capsule, and 20 mL medial and lateral collateral ligaments

After implantation:

20 mL quadriceps and reticular tissues

40 mL adipose and subcutaneous tissues

0.2% ropivacaine, 2.0ug/mL epinephrine, and 0.1 mg/m dexamethasone