Table 2 Study, surgery, and intervention characteristics of 70 randomized trials of prehabilitation
From: Reporting quality of randomized controlled trials in prehabilitation: a scoping review
Study characteristics | ||
 Year of publication, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  1995 | 1 | 1% |
  2004 | 1 | 1% |
  2006 | 2 | 3% |
  2009 | 2 | 3% |
  2010 | 2 | 3% |
  2011 | 1 | 1% |
  2012 | 2 | 3% |
  2013 | 3 | 4% |
  2014 | 6 | 9% |
  2015 | 2 | 3% |
  2016 | 4 | 6% |
  2017 | 5 | 7% |
  2018 | 7 | 10% |
  2019 | 3 | 4% |
  2020 | 9 | 13% |
  2021 | 13 | 19% |
  2022 | 7 | 10% |
 Origin of studies, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Europe | 32 | 46% |
  North America | 25 | 36% |
  Asia | 11 | 16% |
  Australia | 1 | 1% |
  South America | 1 | 1% |
 Type of prehabilitation program, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Exercise only | 40 | 57% |
  Nutrition only | 2 | 3% |
  Functional | 2 | 3% |
  Cognitive training | 3 | 4% |
  Multimodal | 23 | 33% |
 Population included, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Surgery, non-oncologic | 30 | 43% |
  Surgery, oncologic | 32 | 46% |
  Mixed oncologic and non-oncologic | 8 | 11% |
Surgery characteristics1, n (%) | ||
 Non-oncological surgery | 38 | 100% |
  Orthopedic | 19 | 50% |
  Heart | 6 | 16% |
  Spine | 4 | 11% |
  Colorectal | 3 | 8% |
  Lung | 1 | 3% |
  Hernia | 1 | 3% |
  Mixed non-oncologic surgeries | 4 | 11% |
 Oncologic surgery | 40 | 100% |
  Colorectal | 14 | 35% |
  Lung | 12 | 30% |
  Urological | 4 | 10% |
  Esophageal | 2 | 5% |
  Hepatobiliary | 1 | 3% |
  Pancreatic | 1 | 3% |
  Mixed oncologic surgeries | 6 | 15% |
 Sample size, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Reached | 24 | 34% |
  Not reached | 31 | 44% |
  Not calculated | 15 | 21% |
 Number of patients per trial | ||
  Min–max number | 15–668 | |
  Mean (SD) | 89.8 (93.2) | |
  Median [IQR] | 60.0 [34.0–110.0] | |
 Primary outcome, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Performance based | 25 | 36% |
  Clinician reported | 22 | 31% |
  Patient reported | 10 | 14% |
  Observer reported | 3 | 4% |
  Biomarker | 1 | 1% |
  Mixed | 5 | 7% |
  Unclear/not specified | 4 | 6% |
 Primary outcome significant, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Yes | 45 | 64% |
  No | 25 | 36% |
 Baseline reporting of patient characteristics, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Malnutrition | 8 | 11% |
  Frailty | 4 | 6% |
  Sarcopenia | 0 | 0% |
Intervention characteristics | ||
 Location of prehabilitation delivery, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Home | 20 | 29% |
  Supervised | 28 | 40% |
  Tele-prehab | 1 | 1% |
  Combination | 19 | 27% |
  Not specified | 2 | 3% |
 Nutrition intervention, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Yes | 16 | 23% |
  No | 51 | 73% |
  Usual care nutrition | 3 | 4% |
 Psychological intervention, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
  Yes | 13 | 19% |
  No | 57 | 81% |
 Duration of prehabilitation (weeks) | ||
  Min–max | 1–14 | |
  Mean (SD) | 4.7 (2.5) | |
  Median [IQR] | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | |
 Total prehabilitation sessions | ||
  Min–max | 3–126 | |
  Mean (SD) | 18.8 (17.3) | |
  Median [IQR] | 14.0 [11.2–20.8] | |
 Guidelines cited | N | 100% |
  CONSORT | 17 | 24% |
  CONSORT & TIDieR | 1 | 1% |
  CONSORT & CERT | 1 | 1% |
  CONSORT flow chart | 12 | 17% |