Table 1 Patient characteristics
From: Postoperative analgesia for upper gastrointestinal surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis
|  | Non-neuraxial (n = 168) | Intrathecal Morphine (n = 79) | Thoracic epidural Analgesia (n = 180) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58 (44 – 67) | 62 (50—71) | 65 (56 – 71) |
Female sex | 94 (56%) | 41 (52%) | 76 (42%) |
American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status | |||
 1 | 5 (42%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (33%) |
 2 | 51 (44%) | 18 (16%) | 46 (40%) |
 3 | 101 (36%) | 57 (20%) | 121 (43%) |
 4 | 11 (52%) | 1 (5%) | 9 (43%) |
Surgical approach | |||
 Laparoscopic | 102 (85%) | 14 (12%) | 4 (3%) |
 Open | 63 (21%) | 63 (21%) | 174 (58%) |
 Laparoscopic converted to open | 3 (43%) | 2 (29%) | 2 (29%) |
Surgery Type Based on Extent | |||
 Type 1: extensive major surgery | 75 (34%) | 59 (27%) | 88 (40%) |
 liver resections, splenectomy, distal pancreas resection, gastric resection |  |  |  |
 Type 2: most extensive major surgery | 5 (5%) | 12 (12%) | 87 (84%) |
 pancreato-duodenectomy, esophagectomy |  |  |  |
 Type 3: major surgery | 88 (87%) | 8 (8%) | 5 (5%) |
 diaphragmatic hernia repair, bariatric surgery, hiatus hernia repair, resection gallbladder fossa |  |  |  |