Table 1 Characteristics of patients receiving IVIS and standard care
|  | IVIS-group n = 25 (15.2%) | SC-group n = 139 (84.8%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean age: years | 69.6 ± 9.0 | 66.1 ± 9.2 | 0.08 |
Female gender | 18 (72) | 77 (55.4) | 0.12 |
Mean BMI: kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 5.7 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 0.15 |
Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 4 | 10 (40) | 60 (43.2) | 0.77 |
ASA classification ≥3 | 13 (52) | 42 (30.2) | 0.03 |
Medical history | |||
 Diabetes Mellitus | 3 (12) | 32 (23) | 0.22 |
 Hypertension | 13 (52) | 62 (44.6) | 0.49 |
 Heart disease | 3 (12) | 14 (10.1) | 0.77 |
 Respiratory disease | 1 (4) | 17 (12.2) | 0.31 |
Substance abuse | |||
 Tobacco | 1 (4) | 42 (30.2) | 0.005 |
 Alcohol | 11 (44) | 68 (48.9) | 0.65 |
Neoadjuvant treatment | 4 (16) | 14 (10.1) | 0.48 |
Preoperative biliary decompression | 9 (36) | 60 (43.2) | 0.50 |