Table 1 Preoperative patient factors and surgical type

Gender, male

250,324 (36.90)

417,056 (46.92)

336,217 (48.32)

231,379 (43.20)

 < 0.0001

ASA class

 < 0.0001

 I and II

436,493 (64.35)

384,252 (43.23)

234,442 (33.69)

113,502 (21.19)

 III

219,135 (32.31)

440,303 (49.54)

392,512 (56.41)

336,065 (62.75)

 IV and V

21,093 (3.11)

62,472 (7.03)

67,366 (9.68)

84,711 (15.82)

 None assigned

1595 (0.24)

1784 (0.20)

1475 (0.21)

1286 (0.24)

Body mass index (BMI)

 < 0.0001

 Underweight

11,818 (1.74)

13,317 (1.50)

11,015 (1.58)

16,843 (3.14)

 Normal

146,113 (21.54)

165,541 (18.62)

141,408 (20.32)

166,956 (31.17)

 Overweight

167,493 (24.69)

249,704 (28.09)

221,664 (31.86)

183,758 (34.31)

 Obese

329,613 (48.59)

444,258 (49.98)

30,9319 (44.46)

146,670 (27.39)

 Emergency

115,763 (17.07)

78,359 (8.82)

53,575 (7.70)

76,934 (14.37)

 < 0.0001

 Dependent functional status

9655 (1.42)

20,551 (2.31)

23,267 (3.34)

53,068 (9.91)

mFI-5 (groups)

 < 0.0001

  < 2

636,797 (93.88)

715,724 (80.53)

509,093 (73.17)

371,335 (69.34)

  ≥ 2

41,518 (6.12)

173,087 (19.47)

186,702 (26.83)

164,229 (30.66)

Surgical specialty

 < 0.0001

 Cardiac

1837 (0.27)

6420 (0.72)

6701 (0.96)

4581 (0.86)

 General

387,072 (57.06)

358,946 (40.38)

224,185 (32.22)

164,899 (30.79)

 Gynecology

98,190 (14.48)

47,085 (5.30)

21,735 (3.12)

10,062 (1.88)

 Neurosurgery

48,331 (7.13)

70,753 (7.96)

48,396 (6.96)

25,421 (4.75)

 Orthopedics

72,455 (10.68)

247,918 (27.89)

246,532 (35.43)

225,159 (42.04)

 Otolaryngology (ENT)

14,545 (2.14)

12,295 (1.38)

7031 (1.01)

4215 (0.79)

 Plastics

16,774 (2.47)

13,696 (1.54)

4315 (0.62)

1637 (0.31)

 Thoracic

8310 (1.23)

18,019 (2.03)

18,026 (2.59)

9867 (1.84)

 Urology

18,466 (2.72)

57,417 (6.46)

50,716 (7.29)

27,396 (5.12)

 Vascular

12,335 (1.82)

56,262 (6.33)

68,158 (9.80)

62,327 (11.64)