Table 1 Definitions and cutoffs for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity assessment
Sarcopenia definition | Study | Functional component of definition | Body composition analysis method | Muscle mass definition | Pros | Cons | Obesity definition | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASM index >2 SDs below sex-specific means of Rosetta study reference data (Gallagher et al. 1997) | Baumgartner (Baumgartner et al. 1998) | – | DXA | ASM/m2 (Heymsfield et al. 1990) | – | No functional component | % body fat | Measures have been experimentally validated in comparison with BMI (Gallagher et al. 2000) Highly correlated with estimates from DXA (Baumgartner et al. 1998) | – |
Low gait speed or low handgrip strength with low muscle mass | Cruz-Jentoft (Cruz-Jentoft et al. 2010) | Gait speed ≤0.8 m/s or >0.8 m/s with handgrip strength below sex-specific cutoffs | – | – | Contains functional component, capturing more of sarcopenia due to poor muscle quality/fat infiltration | – | – | – | – |
Low gait speed or inability to rise from chair with low handgrip strength and body mass-adjusted ASM below sex-specific cutoffs | Studenski (Studenski et al. 2014) | Gait speed ≤0.8 m/s or inability to rise from a chair with handgrip strength below sex-specific cutoffs (men <26 kg, women <16 kg) | DXA | ASM/BMI | Contains functional component, capturing more of sarcopenia due to poor muscle quality/fat infiltration Recommendations based on the largest, most diverse samples to have been studied | – | BMI | Most common and widely available measure, easy to evaluate | Inaccurate, fluctuates with changes in both muscle and fat |
L3mi below sex-specific cutoffs associated with mortality in cohort obtained through optimum stratification | – | Secondary analysis of CT images (Mitsiopoulos et al. 1998; Shen et al. 2004) | L3mi | – | No functional component | BMI | – | – | |
Dello (Dello et al. 2013) | |||||||||
Voron (Voron et al. 2015) | |||||||||
Levolger (Levolger et al. 2015) | |||||||||
van Vledder (van Vledder et al. 2012) | Intra-abdominal fat (Yoshizumi et al. 1999) | Significantly associated with disease-free survival in men undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases (van Vledder et al. 2012) | – | ||||||
Harimoto (Harimoto et al. 2013) | – | – | – | ||||||
Lodewick (Lodewick et al. 2015) | % body fat | – | – | ||||||
L3mi in the lowest sex-specific quartile | Miyamoto (Miyamoto et al. 2015) | – | Secondary analysis of CT images | L3mi | – | No functional component | – | – | – |
No specific cutoffs established (lower density reflects more frailty) | Sabel (Sabel et al. 2013) | – | Secondary analysis of CT images | PD | A measure of muscle quality or fat infiltration | No functional component | VF, SFD, TBF, or BMI | VF: risk factor for developing colorectal cancer and significantly associated with increased tumor recurrence in colorectal cancer patients (Moon et al. 2008) SFD: significant predictor of wound infection following colectomy for colon cancer (Sabel et al. 2013) TBF: significant predictor of outcome following colectomy for colon cancer (Sabel et al. 2013) | – |
TPA/m2 equal to or below cutoff obtained through optimum stratification | Peng (Peng et al. 2011) | – | Secondary analysis of CT images | TPA/m2 | – | No functional component | BMI | – | – |
TPA/m2 in the lowest sex-specific quartile | Peng (Peng et al. 2012) | – | Secondary analysis of CT images | TPA/m2 | – | No functional component | BMI | – | – |
Amini (Amini et al. 2015) | |||||||||
Joglekar (Joglekar et al. 2015) | |||||||||
TPV/m2 in the lowest sex-specific quartile | Amini (Amini et al. 2015) | – | Secondary analysis of CT image | TPV/m2 | Volumetric measure rather than cross-sectional assessment and which may be more accurate at assessing a larger sample of muscle mass | No functional component | BMI | – | – |
HUAC in the lowest sex-specific quartile | Joglekar (Joglekar et al. 2015) | – | Secondary analysis of CT image | HUAC | A measure of muscle quality or fat infiltration | No functional component | BMI | – | – |