Table 3 Effect of perioperative variables on PPC
From: Postoperative pulmonary complications following major elective abdominal surgery: a cohort study
PPC No. (%) | Yes (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
n | 236 | 32 | |
Age (years, IQR) | 67 (53–76) | 60 (57–67) | 0.404 |
Gender | 0.647 | ||
Male | 145 (61.4) | 21 (65.6) | |
Female | 91 (38.6) | 11 (34.4) | |
Body mass index (kilograms/metres2, IQR) | 27.3 (23.8–30.5) | 27.1 (25.6–29.9) | 0.742 |
American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system | 0.244 | ||
1 | 50 (21.2) | 3 (9.4) | |
2 | 119 (50.4) | 13 (40.6) | |
3 | 58 (24.7) | 12 (37.6) | |
4 | 6 (2.5) | 2 (6.2) | |
Unknown | 3 (1.2) | 2 (6.2) | |
Current smoker | 36 (15.3) | 6 (18.8) | 0.662 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 22 (9.3) | 8 (25.0) | 0.009 |
Previous cerebrovascular accident | 21 (8.9) | 2 (6.3) | 0.603 |
Urea (milligrams per decilitre, IQR) | 5.6 (4.5–7.3) | 5.4 (4.0–9.4) | 0.886 |
Proton pump inhibitor | 80 (33.9) | 9 (28.1) | 0.515 |
Steroids | 13 (5.5) | 3 (9.4) | 0.390 |
Cancer operation | 67 (28.4) | 15 (46.9) | 0.035 |
Type of operation | 0.270 | ||
Gastric | 24 (10.2) | 4 (12.5) | |
Hepatobiliary/pancreatic | 17 (7.2) | 2 (6.3) | |
Small bowel | 12 (5.1) | 1 (3.1) | |
Colorectal | 66 (28.0) | 10 (31.3) | |
Urological | 55 (23.3) | 2 (6.3) | |
Vascular | 52 (22.0) | 10 (31.3) | |
Other | 10 (4.2) | 3 (9.2) | |
Perioperative antibiotics | 200 (84.7) | 26 (81.3) | 0.860 |
Type of intubation | 0.946 | ||
Laryngeal mask airway | 54 (22.9) | 6 (18.8) | |
Cuffed/uncuffed endotracheal tube | 181 (76.7) | 26 (81.2) | |
Unknown | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Method of operation | 0.722 | ||
Laparoscopic | 72 (30.5) | 5 (15.6) | |
Laparoscopic-assisted | 5 (2.1) | 1 (3.1) | |
Laparoscopic converted to open | 6 (2.5) | 2 (6.3) | |
Open | 145 (61.4) | 24 (75.0) | |
Endovascular | 8 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Bowel resection | 61 (25.8) | 13 (17.6) | 0.079 |
Nasogastric tube | 6 (2.5) | 3 (9.4) | 0.011 |
Duration of surgery (minutes, IQR) | 100 (55–170) | 212 (182–294) | <0.001 |
Elective critical care admission | 33 (14.0) | 19 (59.4) | <0.001 |
Analgesia use in the first 24 h | <0.001 | ||
Epidural | 26 (11.0) | 14 (43.8) | |
Patient controlled analgesia | 40 (16.9) | 10 (31.3) | |
Wound catheter | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Oral analgesia only | 166 (70.3) | 7 (21.8) | |
Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (3.1) | |
Change in analgesia strategy in the first 24 h | 148 (62.7) | 23 (71.9) | 0.014 |
Incentive spirometer | 1 (0.4) | 2 (6.3) | <0.001 |