Table 1 Characteristics of the patients

Age (years)

73.0 (67.0–80.0)

64.0 (55.5–71.0)

 < 0.0001

Gender

 < 0.0001

 Male

28 (39.4%)

152 (64.1%)

 Female

43 (60.6%)

85 (35.9%)

Weight (kg)

63.0 (54.5–71.0)

62.0 (55.0–69.0)

0.615

BMI (kg/m²)

24.3 (21.6–26.2)

22.8 (20.3–24.6)

0.001

Waistline (cm)

90.0 (82.0–98.0)

84.0 (77.0–90.0)

 < 0.0001

Smoking status

0.003

 Current

11 (15.5%)

80 (33.8%)

 Never

60 (84.5%)

157 (66.2%)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

43 (60.6%)

90 (38.0%)

0.001

 Diabetes

12 (16.9%)

38 (16.0%)

0.862

 Thyroid disease

6 (8.5%)

15 (6.3%)

0.534

 Cancer

65 (91.5%)

181 (76.4%)

0.005

 Pulmonary disease

10 (14.1%)

18 (7.6%)

0.095

 Allergies

15 (21.1%)

20 (8.4%)

0.003

Respiration rate (breaths/min)

17 (15–19)

16 (15–18)

0.119

Systolic BP (mmHg)

130 (120–136)

124.0 (118.5–134.0)

0.007

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

70 (64–80)

73.1 (68–80)

0.295

Resting heart rate (bpm)

81 (73–95)

71 (66–81)

0.000

FEV₁/FVC (%)

88.1 (81.2–92.2)

91.3 (85.3–95.5)

0.005

Surgery duration (min)

247 (163–310)

211 (170–280)

0.274

Surgical technique

0.139

 Open abdominal

50 (70.4%)

144 (60.8%)

 Laparoscopic

21 (29.6%)

93 (39.2%)

Surgery type

0.184

 Pancreatectomy

21 (29.6%)

54 (22.8%)

 Hepatectomy

3 (4.2%)

27 (11.4%)

 Gastrectomy

33 (46.5%)

125 (52.7%)

 Splenectomy

4 (5.6%)

7 (3.0%)

 Transverse colectomy

10 (14.1%)

24 (10.1%)

 Blood loss (mL)

210 (120–400)

200 (135–390)

0.263

 Fluid infusion (mL)

2600 (2000–3100)

2500 (2000–3100)

0.657

 Blood transfusion (mL)^a

0 (0–1500)

0 (0–1900)

0.059

 Blood transfusion

8 (11.3%)

12(5.1%)

0.094

 Urine (mL)

610 (395–800)

500 (300–800)

0.186

 Rate of ICU admission (%)

33.8

6.8

 < 0.0001

 Length of ICU stay (day)

0 (0–2)

0 (0–0)

 < 0.0001