Table 1 Univariable relationship between patient baseline, intraoperative characteristics, and postoperative AKI

Age, yr

45 ± 13

44 ± 13

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

0.89

Male, n (%)

33 (68.8)

242 (47.3)

2.45 (1.30, 4.63)

0.006

ASA physical status, n (%)

1.13 (0.69, 1.85)

0.62

 1

1 (2.1)

45 (8.8)

 2

30 (62.5)

275 (53.7)

 3

17 (35.4)

192 (37.5)

Use of arterial catheter, n (%)

48 (100)

512 (100)

NA

NA

Previous medical history, n (%)

 Coronary artery disease

4 (8.3)

19 (3.7)

2.36 (0.77, 7.24)

0.13

 Congestive heart failure

0 (0.0)

14 (2.7)

NA

0.62**

 Cerebral vascular disease

4 (8.3)

13 (2.5)

3.49 (1.09, 11.16)

0.035

 Diabetes requiring medication

15 (31.2)

116 (22.7)

1.55 (0.81, 2.96)

0.18

Cardiac medication history, n (%)

 α-blocker

48 (100.0)

503 (98.2)

NA

 > 0.99**

 ß-blocker

9 (18.8)

108 (21.1)

0.86 (0.41, 1.84)

0.70

 CA blocker

11 (22.9)

58 (11.3)

2.33 (1.13, 4.81)

0.023

 ACE inhibitor/Angiotensin receptor blocker

4 (8.3)

15 (2.9)

3.01 (0.96, 9.47)

0.059

Preoperative

 Preoperative medication time, day

40 [25, 48]

38 [26, 53]

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.41

 Preoperative hemoglobin, g/L

139 ± 15

136 ± 16

1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

0.18

 Preoperative creatinine, μmol/L

74.4 ± 16.3

71.4 ± 15.4

1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

0.20

Baseline eGFR, ml·min·1.73 m⁻²

100.6 ± 17.2

100.0 ± 16.2

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

0.80

 Baseline MAP

94 ± 11

90 ± 11

1.03 (0.99, 1.06)

0.035

Intraoperative

 Surgical time, min

178 [133, 216]

110 [87, 144]

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

 < 0.001

 Open surgery, n (%)

24 (50.0)

82 (16.0)

5.24 (2.84, 9.68)

 < 0.001

 Estimated blood loss, ml^a

1000 [375, 2500]

100 [50, 400]

2.53 (1.97, 3.25)

 < 0.001

 Red blood cells transfusion

  Not received, n (%)

31 (64.6)

448 (87.5)

Ref = 1

 < 0.001

  Received, n (%)

17 (35.4)

64 (12.5)

3.84 (2.01, 7.33)

  Total red blood cells transfusion, ml

1600 [800, 2750]

800 [400, 1018]

  Total crystalloids, ml^a

2550 [2000, 3500]

2500 [2000, 3000]

4.67 (2.03, 10.73)

 < 0.001

  Total colloids, ml^a

1000 [500, 2125]

1000 [500, 1500]

4.67 (2.03, 10.74)

 < 0.001

 Vasoactive drugs after tumor resection, n (%)

0.15

  None

15 (31.2)

199 (38.9)

Ref = 1

  Vasopressors only

25 (52.1)

272 (53.1)

1.22 (0.63, 2.37)

  Other

8 (16.7)

41 (8.0)

2.59 (1.03, 6.51)

   Vasodilators only

7 (14.6)

38 (7.4)

   Vasopressors + vasodilators

1 (2.1)

3 (0.6)

 Postoperative Hemoglobin (g/L)

110 ± 18

114 ± 15

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

0.060

Diagnosis, n (%)

0.57

 Unilateral pheochromocytoma

43 (89.6)

444 (86.7)

Ref = 1

 Other

5 (10.4)

68 (13.3)

0.76 (0.29, 1.98)

  Bilateral pheochromocytoma

2 (4.2)

28 (5.5)

  MEN syndrome

3 (6.2)

32 (6.2)

  VHL syndrome

0 (0.0)

8 (1.6)

Tumor size, cm

6 ± 3

5 ± 2

1.32 (1.16, 1.49)

 < 0.001

Year of surgery, n (%)

0.063

 1991–2000

8 (16.7)

37 (7.2)

Ref = 1

 2001–2010

14 (29.2)

126 (24.6)

0.51 (0.20, 1.32)

 2011–2020

26 (54.2)

349 (68.2)

0.34 (0.15, 0.82)