Table 1 Preoperative description of patients submitted to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) prior to major abdominal surgery and summary of CPET outcomes. SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range
Variable | Overall patients (n = 1398) |
|---|---|
| Â | Median (range) |
Age (years) | |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 68 (21–89), (65–78) |
Body mass index (BMI) | |
 Mean (SD) | 27.98 (5.87) |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 28.0 (12.3–48.4), (24.3–32.0) |
Anaerobic threshold (AT) | |
 Mean (SD) | 10.79 (2.01) |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 10.4 (5.5–19.9), (10.0–12.6) |
VO2 max | |
 Mean (SD) | 17.11 (5.74) |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 15.8 (4.5–37.6), (13.9–18.9) |
AT VE/VCO2 | |
 Mean (SD) | 35.68 (4.39) |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 36 (20–48) [32–38], |
Oxygen pulse | |
 Mean (SD) | 9.63 (3.00) |
 Median (range), (IQR) | 9 (2–14) [9–13], |
| Â | n(%) |
Age group | |
 ≤ 50 years | 164 (12) |
 51–70 years | 722 (52) |
 > 70 years | 512 (37) |
Gender | |
 Female | 694 (50) |
 Male | 704 (50) |
BMI standard categories | |
 < 18.5 | 203 (14) |
 18.5–24.99 | 199 (14) |
 ≥ 25.0 | 996 (71) |
Surgery type | |
 Robotic/laparoscopic | 356 (25) |
 Open | 1,042 (75) |
American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score | |
 ASA 1 | 22 (2) |
 ASA 2 | 1,076 (77) |
 ASA 3 | 300 (21) |
World Health Organisation (WHO) category | |
 0 | 735 (53) |
 1 | 565 (40) |
 2 | 53 (4) |
 3 | 43 (3) |
 4 | 2 (0.1) |
Arrhythmia | |
 No | 1,246 (89) |
 Yes | 152 (11) |
Documented cirrhosis | |
 No | 1,307 (93) |
 Yes | 91 (7) |
Congestive cardiac failure | |
 No | 1,358 (97) |
 Yes | 40 (3) |
Diabetic status | |
 Negative | 1,034 (74) |
 Non-insulin | 306 (22) |
 Insulin dependent | 58 (4) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | |
 No | 862 (62) |
 Yes | 536 (38) |
Previous cardiac event | |
 No | 975 (70) |
 Yes | 423 (30) |
Prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke | |
 No | 1,269 (91) |
 Yes | 129 (9) |
Chronic renal impairment | |
 No | 1,147 (82) |
 Yes | 251 (18) |
Number of procedures | |
 1 | 782 (56) |
 2 | 154 (11) |
 ≥ 3 | 462 (33) |
Cancer stage (TNM classification) | |
 Primary cancer | 1,234 (88) |
 Local nodal metastases | 140 (10) |
 Distant metastases | 23 (2) |
Surgical categories | |
 Hepatobiliary | 228 (16) |
 Urology | 340 (24) |
 General surgery | 330 (24) |
 Colorectal/lower gastrointestinal (GI) | 118 (8) |
 Upper gastrointestinal (GI) | 234 (17) |
 Gynaecological | 138 (10) |
 Sarcoma | 9 (0.6) |