Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the age and gender subgroups
From: Effect of age and gender on pre-operative cardiovascular risk assessment
Total (n = 1,167,414) | Age ≥ 40 (n = 970,982) | Age < 40 (n = 196,432) | P value | Men (n = 492,686) | Women (n = 672,084) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||||
Age (years) | 57 ± 17 | 62 ± 13 | 30 ± 6 | – | 59 ± 17 | 56 ± 17 | < 0.0001 |
Male Gender | 42 | 44 | 35 | < 0.0001 | – | – | – |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30 ± 8.4 | 30 ± 8.0 | 31 ± 10 | < 0.0001 | 29 ± 7.2 | 31 ± 9 | < 0.0001 |
CVD risk factors | |||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 16.2 | 18.5 | 4.8 | < 0.0001 | 18.3 | 14.7 | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension | 48.6 | 56.2 | 11.2 | < 0.0001 | 53.0 | 45 | < 0.0001 |
Current smoker | 20.0 | 19.0 | 24.8 | < 0.0001 | 22.6 | 18.1 | < 0.0001 |
Cardiac history | |||||||
Myocardial infarction | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.8 | 0.5 | < 0.0001 |
Congestive heart failure | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | < 0.0001 | 1.1 | 0.7 | < 0.0001 |
Previous coronary angioplasty | 5.8 | 6.9 | 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 8.9 | 3.5 | < 0.0001 |
Previous cardiac surgery | 5.8 | 6.9 | 0.5 | < 0.0001 | 9.7 | 3.0 | < 0.0001 |
Any history of heart disease | 10.9 | 12.9 | 0.7 | < 0.0001 | 16.9 | 6.4 | < 0.0001 |
Symptoms of angina or dyspnea | 10.4 | 11.6 | 4.7 | < 0.0001 | 10.6 | 10.3 | < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
Renal insufficiency (Cr > 1.5 mg/dl) | 7.1 | 8.1 | 2.1 | < 0.0001 | 10.3 | 4.7 | < 0.0001 |
Dialysis | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.0 | < 0.0001 | 2.6 | 1.5 | < 0.0001 |
COPD | 5.2 | 6.3 | 0.3 | < 0.0001 | 6.3 | 4.5 | < 0.0001 |
Stroke | 4.5 | 5.4 | 0.5 | < 0.0001 | 5.5 | 3.8 | < 0.0001 |
Blood tests | |||||||
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13 ± 1.8 | 13 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 1.7 | < 0.0001 | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | < 0.0001 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.90 ± 0.90 | < 0.0001 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | < 0.0001 |
Surgical characteristics | |||||||
Type of surgery | |||||||
General | 64.4 | 61.7 | 77.8 | < 0.0001 | 61.1 | 66.8 | < 0.0001 |
Thoracic | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | ||
Orthopedic | 8.7 | 9.6 | 4.2 | 8.8 | 8.6 | ||
ENT (ear, nose, throat) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | ||
Neurologic | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 2.2 | ||
Gynecologic | 4.8 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 8.3 | ||
Urologic | 3.7 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 6.8 | 1.4 | ||
Plastic | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.9 | ||
Vascular | 11.7 | 13.5 | 2.7 | 16.4 | 8.2 | ||
Anesthesia | |||||||
General | 92.0 | 91.0 | 96.8 | < 0.0001 | 91.2 | 92.5 | < 0.0001 |
Spinal/epidural | 3.1 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 2.8 | ||
Regional | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.7 | ||
Local | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||
Others | 3.8 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 3.7 | ||
American Society of Anesthesiology class | |||||||
1 | 7.8 | 4.4 | 24.8 | < 0.0001 | 7.7 | 8.0 | < 0.0001 |
2 | 44.1 | 41.7 | 55.6 | 38.5 | 48.2 | ||
3 | 40.9 | 45.5 | 18.0 | 44.4 | 38.3 | ||
> 3 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 1.6 | 9.5 | 5.5 | ||
Emergency case | 13.2 | 11.0 | 23.8 | < 0.0001 | 15.1 | 11.7 | < 0.0001 |
Total operation time (min) | 114 ± 94 | 118 ± 96 | 92 ± 81 | < 0.0001 | 119 ± 100 | 110 ± 89 | < 0.0001 |
Hospital duration (days) | 4.5 ± 9.4 | 4.8 ± 10.1 | 2.8 ± 8.1 | < 0.0001 | 5.0 ± 10.1 | 4.0 ± 9.1 | < 0.0001 |