Table 4 Univariable and multivariable models examining factors associated with depression

Age group (years)

 65–74

94 (91.3)

9 (8.7)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 75–84

37 (88.1)

5 (11.9)

1.41 (0.44–4.49)

0.560

1.21 (0.28–5.32)

0.801

 ≥ 85

4 (50.0)

4 (50.0)

10.44 (2.22–48.99)

0.003*

4.23 (0.45–39.86)

0.207

Gender

 Male

74 (96.1)

3 (3.9)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Female

61 (80.3)

15 (19.7)

6.07 (1.68–21.93)

0.006*

4.60 (1.02–20.68)

0.047*

Ethnicity

 Malay

26 (89.7)

3 (10.3)

1.00 (reference)

 Chinese

87 (89.7)

10 (10.3)

1.00 (0.26–3.89)

0.996

 Indian

19 (79.2)

5 (20.8)

2.28 (0.49–10.73)

0.297

 Others

3 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

–

Diagnosis

 Non-cancer

90 (91.8)

8 (8.2)

1.00 (reference)

 Cancer

8 (81.8)

10 (18.2)

2.50 (0.92–6.77)

0.071

Nature of surgery

 Minor

79 (92.9)

6 (7.1)

1.00 (reference)

 Major

56 (82.4)

12 (17.6)

2.82 (1.00–7.97)

0.050

Surgical specialty

 General surgery

40 (83.3)

8 (16.7)

1.00 (reference)

 Cardiothoracic surgery

7 (87.5)

1 (12.5)

0.72 (0.08–6.63)

0.767

 Gynaecology

9 (90.0)

1 (10.0)

0.56 (0.06–5.02)

0.601

 Neurosurgery

5 (83.3)

1 (16.7)

1.00 (0.10–9.75)

1.000

 Ophthalmology

32 (94.1)

2 (5.9)

0.31 (0.06–1.58)

0.159

 Orthopaedic surgery

4 (66.7)

2 (22.2)

2.50 (0.39–16.05)

0.334

 Otolaryngology

3 (60.0)

2 (40.0)

3.33 (0.48–23.28)

0.225

 Plastic surgery

2 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

–

 Urology

26 (96.3)

1 (3.7)

0.19 (0.02–1.63)

0.130

 Vascular surgery

7 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

–

Postponement of surgery

 No

105 (89.7)

12 (10.3)

1.00 (reference)

 Yes

30 (83.3)

6 (16.7)

1.75 (0.61–5.05)

0.301

Anxiety

 No

112 (97.4)

3 (2.6)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Yes

23 (60.5)

15 (39.5)

24.35 (6.52–90.99)

<  0.001*

16.62 (4.12–66.99)

<  0.001*

Appetite

 Normal

123 (91.8)

11 (8.2)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Decreased

12 (63.2)

7 (36.8)

6.52 (2.13–19.95)

0.001*

3.88 (0.93–16.29)

0.064