Cause | Effect |
---|---|
Stimulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 release from Mono-Mac 6 (MM6) cells (A monocytic cell line) | Healing and tissue repair |
Proliferation and activation of peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes | Healing and tissue repair |
Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which causes a decrease in the honey pH and ruins the outer membrane of the bacteriae | Anti-bacterial activity and stimulates the wound healing process |
Methylglyoxal | Anti-bacterial activity |
Viscosity and hyperosmolarity | Anti-bacterial activity helps to absorb exudate and provide a protective barrier to prevent infection |
Varying concentrations of antioxidants (flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, catalase, peroxidase, and phenolic acids) | Anti-oxidant properties may be beneficial to wound healing |
Provides a moist environment (physical properties) | Create a moist wound healing environment that does not stick to the underlying wound tissues |
Acidity | Reduce protease activity, increase fibroblast activity, and increase oxygen release, assist in the bacterial-killing action of macrophages, aiding wound healing, but increase pain |
Increase nitric oxide (NO) production | Affect immunity, bacterial infections, and wound healing |
Inhibitory effect on prostaglandins | Affect inflammation, pain, immunity, and wound healing |
Nutritional composition (glucose, fructose, sucrose, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, amino acids, and other products) | Wide biological and therapeutic effects |
Enhancing wound contracture | Healing and tissue repair |
Increased granulation tissue formation | Healing and tissue repair |