Table 1 Comparison between patients with and without adverse outcomes

Male/female, n (%)

88 (47.8)/96 (52.2)

70 (44.0)/89 (56.0)

0.481

Left/right femur, n (%)

94 (51.1)/90 (48.9)

78 (49.1)/81 (50.9)

0.708

Age, years, mean (range)

60 (43.25–71)

70 (60–81)

< 0.001

Weight, kg, mean (range)

55 (50–62)

55 (50–60)

0.259

Hypertension, n (%)

45 (24.5)

74 (46.5)

< 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

12 (6.5)

18 (11.3)

0.117

Combined injuries, n (%)

112 (43.1)

47 (56.6)

0.031

 Sprain or tumble

142 (77.2)

123 (77.4)

0.968

 RTA, falls or assaults

42 (22.8)

36 (22.6)

 Proximal femoral fracture

140 (76.1)

117 (73.6)

0.493

 Femoral shaft fracture

39 (21.2)

40 (25.2)

 Distal femoral fracture

5 (2.7)

2 (1.3)

 1: Within 24 h

127 (69.0)

81 (50.9)

0.002

 2: 2–3 days

17 (9.2)

24 (15.1)

 3: 4–7 days

14 (7.6)

19 (11.9)

 4: 8–21 days

12 (6.5)

26 (16.4)

 5: ≥ 22 days

14 (7.6)

9 (5.7)

 I

4 (2.2)

2 (1.3)

< 0.001

 II

157 (85.3)

106 (66.7)

 III

23 (12.5)

50 (31.4)

 IV

0 (0)

1 (0.6)

 Surgeon A

28 (15.2)

22 (13.8)

0.161

 Surgeon B

38 (20.7)

21 (13.2)

 Surgeon C

22 (12.0)

18 (11.3)

 Surgeon D

27 (14.7)

22 (13.8)

 Surgeon E

31 (16.8)

32 (20.1)

 Surgeon F

13 (7.1)

17 (10.7)

 Surgeon G

18 (9.8)

11 (6.9)

 Surgeon H

7 (3.8)

16 (10.1)

 Hemi/total-hip hip replacement

73 (39.7)

43 (27.0)

0.014

 Internal fixation

111 (60.3)

116 (73.0)

 General anaesthesia

47 (25.5)

35 (22.0)

0.445

 Non-general anaesthesia

137 (74.5)

124 (78.0)

 No postoperative analgesia

9 (4.9)

4 (2.5)

0.315

 PCIA

123 (66.8)

101 (63.5)

 PCEA

52 (28.3)

54 (34.0)

Duration of anaesthesia, min, mean (range)

180 (140–225)

180 (149–230)

0.323

Duration of surgery, min, mean (range)

111 (80–153.5)

110 (80–155)

0.914

Blood transfusion, n (%)

61 (33.2)

87 (54.7)

< 0.001

Intra-blood loss, × 10² ml, mean (range)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

0.052

Intra-crystal liquids, × 10² ml, mean (range)

8.5 (6–11)

7.5 (6–11)

0.662

Intra-colloidal liquids, × 10² ml, mean (range)

5 (5–7.5)

5 (5–10)

0.983

Postoperative hospital stay, days, mean (range)

6 (4–7)

7 (5–9)

< 0.001

 ALB, g/l, mean ± SD

38 ± 3.91

34.48 ± 4.34

< 0.001

 PAb, mg/l, mean (range)

191 (154–229.5)

158 (126–194)

< 0.001

 Hb, g/l, mean ± SD

120.02 ± 18.96

108.24 ± 20.99

< 0.001

 GLB, g/l, mean (range)

27.15 (23.35–29.95)

27.70 (24.90–30.80)

0.110

 LYM count, × 10⁹/l, mean (range)

1.30 (0.98–1.68)

1.12 (0.87–1.50)

0.004

 NEUT count, × 10⁹/l, mean (range)

5.52 (4.31–7.16)

4.97 (3.92–6.43)

0.035

 NLR, mean (range)

4.21 (2.96–6.09)

4.71 (3.27–7.20)

0.150

 PNI, mean ± SD

44.54 ± 5.05

39.30 ± 4.99

< 0.001

 ALB, g/l, mean (range)

29.2 (27.2–32.58)

27.4 (24.6–29.3)

< 0.001

 PAb, mg/l, mean (range)

104 (75–147)

86 (66–114)

< 0.001

 Hb, g/l, mean (range)

91 (78–99.75)

83 (72–93)

< 0.001

 GLB, g/l, mean (range)

22.70 (19.20–25.28)

21.40 (19.10–24.00)

0.045

 LYM count, × 10⁹/l, mean (range)

0.84 (0.67–1.14)

0.73 (0.53–0.97)

0.001

 NEUT count, × 10⁹/L, mean (range)

7.81 (5.92–10.01)

8.40 (6.60–11.41)

0.026

 NLR, mean (range)

9.06 (5.86–13.49)

10.20 (8.07–14.86)

0.001

 PNI, mean (range)

34.15 (31.55–37.61)

31.70 (29.05–34.20)

< 0.001

 ALB, g/l, mean ± SD

32.75 ± 3.44

32.32 ± 4.14

0.293

 PAb, mg/l, mean (range)

112.5 (86.25–160)

104 (80–141)

0.028

 Hb, g/l, mean (range)

93 (83–102.75)

91 (82–100)

0.129

 GLB, g/l, mean (range)

24.50 (21.73–27.30)

24.20 (22.10–27.90)

0.614

 LYM count, × 10⁹/L, mean (range)

1.04 (0.81–1.41)

1.04 (0.71–1.33)

0.140

 NEUT count, × 10⁹/L, mean (range)

5.76 (4.36–7.30)

5.31 (4.17–7.21)

0.431

 NLR, mean (range)

5.29 (3.72–8.08)

5.56 (3.78–8.29)

0.440

 PNI, mean (range)

37.83 (34.75–41.05)

37.05 (33.85–41.60)

0.152