Table 2 Predictors of receiving a high-risk discharge opioid prescription

  Male

1.132

1.06

1.209

0.0032

  Black

0.782

0.675

0.907

0.0004

  Asian

0.837

0.754

0.928

  American Indian or Alaska Native

0.739

0.486

1.124

  Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

0.882

0.651

1.195

  other

0.907

0.831

0.991

  unknown

0.854

0.701

1.041

  2012

2.405

2.072

2.791

< .0001

  2013

3.189

2.818

3.61

  2014

2.507

2.218

2.833

  2015

2.355

2.092

2.651

  2016

1.991

1.772

2.237

  2017

1.722

1.534

1.934

  3 to 6

1.837

1.702

1.983

< .0001

  > 6

2.158

1.968

2.366

History of substance use disorder

0.971

0.734

1.284

0.8348

History of depression

0.942

0.825

1.075

0.3744

History of anxiety

2.625

1.415

4.868

0.0022

Peripheral nerve catheter or epidural used 24 h prior to discharge

1.027

0.916

1.151

0.6502

  acetaminophen

1.108

1.041

1.170

0.0021

  NSAID

1.016

0.927

1.113

0.7392

  gabapentinoids

1.027

0.92

1.146

0.6324

  acetaminophen

1.104

1.029

1.173

0.0075

  NSAID

0.927

0.813

1.056

0.2545

  gabapentinoids

1.486

1.420

1.544

< .0001

  > 0–30

1.577

1.421

1.75

< .0001

  30–60

3.057

2.749

3.4

  60–90

5.141

4.58

5.77

  90+

10.431

9.332

11.659

  > 7 days

0.675

0.628

0.726

< .0001

Return to operating room during surgical admission

0.917

0.812

1.036

0.1658

  Orthopedics

4.662

4.138

5.252

< .0001

  Thoracic surgery

3.122

2.45

3.978

  Cardiac surgery

2.766

2.304

3.32

  Urology

2.165

1.897

2.472

  Critical care medicine

1.832

0.737

4.557

  Neurosurgery

1.609

1.442

1.794

  Gynecologic oncology

1.368

1.115

1.679

  Malignant hematology

1.278

0.717

2.278

  Advanced heart failure

0.879

0.263

2.94

  Vascular surgery

0.874

0.707

1.081

  Otolaryngology, head and neck surgery

0.837

0.682

1.028

  Advanced lung disease

0.788

0.156

3.988

  Plastic surgery

0.783

0.581

1.055

  Colorectal surgery

0.756

0.606

0.943

  Gynecology

0.695

0.46

1.051

  Hospital medicine

0.549

0.412

0.733

  Transplant surgery

0.516

0.305

0.871

  Liver transplant

0.457

0.354

0.592

  Pediatric service

0.449

0.301

0.671

  Obstetrics

0.404

0.32

0.509

  Kidney transplant

0.397

0.322

0.49

  Neurovascular

0.275

0.096

0.788

  Ophthalmology

0.178

0.023

1.353

  Neurology

0.131

0.032

0.54

  Oral and maxillofacial surgery

0.128

0.052

0.316

  Cardiology

0.059

0.008

0.427