Table 1 Characteristics of the selected randomized controlled trials

Riccio et al. (2019)

BMI > 40 for elective colonoscopy

H: 28 (14)

S: 31 (13)

H: 54 (8)

S: 59 (7)

H: 48 (7)

S: 49 (10)

Induction with lidocaine up to 100 mg + propofol 30–100 mg. Maintenance with propofol 120–150 μg/kg/min ideal body weight. Keep RASS −3 to −4.

H: FiO₂ 36–40%, up to 60 L/min

S: FiO₂ 36–40%, 4 L/min via N/C

Ben-Menachem et al. (2020)

Age ≥ 18, lung transplant recipients, for TBLB

H: 37 (60)

S: 39 (74)

H: 55 (12)

S: 56 (12)

H: 25 (4)

S: 25 (4)

Premedication with midazolam 1–3 mg.

Induction and maintenance with propofol and alfentanil.

H: 30–50 L/min

S: 4–10 L/min via N/C

Douglas et al. (2018)

Age ≥ 18, for endobronchial ultrasound

H: 30 (63)

S: 30 (63)

H: 63 (14)

S: 63 (14)

H: 27 (6)

S: 27 (6)

Induction and maintenance with midazolam, opioids, and/or propofol.

Keep MOAA/S equal to 4.

H: FiO₂ 100%, start with 30 L/min, then 30–70 L/min after sedation

S: 10–15 L/min via a bite block

Lin et al. (2019)

Outpatients for elective gastroscopy

H: 994 (42)

S: 1000 (41)

H: 48 (19)

S: 47 (19)

H: 23 (3)

S: 23 (3)

Induction and maintenance with intermittent boluses of propofol 0.5 mg/kg.

Keep RSS > 4.

H: start with 2 L/min via N/C, then FiO₂ 100%, 60 L/min after sedation

S: 2 L/min via N/C

Teng et al. (2019)

Age 20-80, ASA class I or II, for outpatient EGD

H: 50 (38)

M: 51 (37)

S: 51 (43)

H: 47 (15)

M: 51 (12)

S: 52 (13)

H: 23 (4)

M: 23 (4)

S: 23 (4)

Induction with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg + alfentanil 0.2 μg/kg. Maintenance with TCI of propofol.

Keep MOAA/S < 2.

H: FiO₂ 100%, 30 L/min

M: 5 L/min direct to nose and mouth

S: 5 L/min via N/C

Sago et al. (2015)

For dental treatment under sedation

H1: 10 (NR)

H2: 10 (NR)

S: 10 (NR)

H1: 37 (12)

H2: 39 (11)

S: 40 (15)

H1: 22 (3)

H2: 22 (3)

S: 23 (3)

Induction with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg + TCI of propofol. Maintenance with TCI of propofol, plasma concentration 1.2–2 μg/mL. Keep bispectral index 70.

H1: FiO₂ 40%, 30 L/min

H2: FiO₂ 40%, 50 L/min

S: 5 L/min via N/C