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Table 2 Number of patients experiencing inpatient events following elective primary hip and knee arthroplasty

From: Prevalence, risk factors, and complications associated with hyponatraemia following elective primary hip and knee arthroplasty

Post-operative inpatient events

Incidence total cohort (n = 996)

Incidence hyponatraemia group (Na < 135 mmol/L) post-operation (n = 217)

Incidence No hyponatraemia group (Na ≥ 135 mmol/L) post-operation (n = 779)

p-value

Cardiac

 Chest pain

21 (2.1%)

*

17 (2.2%)

1.000+

 Acute coronary syndrome

*

*

0 (0.0%)

0.047+

 Arrhythmia

25 (2.5%)

16 (7.4%)

9 (1.2%)

< 0.001

 Pulmonary oedema

24 (2.4%)

11 (5.1%)

13 (1.7%)

0.004

 Cardiorespiratory arrest

*

0 (0.0%)

*

1.000+

Respiratory

 Exacerbation of airways disease

17 (1.7%)

*

15 (1.9%)

0.551+

 Atelectasis

47 (4.7%)

12 (5.5%)

35 (4.5%)

0.524

 Lower respiratory tract infection

49 (4.9%)

21 (9.7%)

28 (3.6%)

< 0.001

 Pulmonary embolus

11 (1.1%)

8 (3.7%)

*

< 0.001+

 Requirement for mechanical ventilation (invasive or non-invasive)

*

0 (0.0%)

*

1.000+

Gastrointestinal (GI)

 Antiemetic givena

351 (35.2%)

81 (37.3%)

270 (34.7%)

0.467

 Constipationb

25 (2.5%)

*

41 (5.3%)

0.478

 GI bleed

*

*

0 (0.0%)

0.218+

Neurological

 Confusionc

65 (6.5%)

22 (10.1%)

43 (5.5%)

0.015

 Vasovagal episoded

249 (25.0%)

54 (24.9%)

195 (25.0%)

0.965

 Fall

15 (1.5%)

5 (2.3%)

10 (1.3%)

0.340+

 Cerebrovascular accident/transient ischaemic attack

*

0 (0.0%)

*

1.000+

Miscellaneous

 Requiring intravenous fluids

105 (10.5%)

23 (10.6%)

82 (10.5%)

0.975

 Hyponatraemia — drop in Na < 5

157 (15.7%)

111 (51.2%)

46 (5.9%)

< 0.001

 Acute kidney injury – Stage 1,2 or 3 KDIGO criteria

73 (7.3%)

31 (14.3%)

42 (5.4%)

< 0.001

 Urinary tract infection

36 (3.6%)

10 (4.6%)

26 (3.3%)

0.375

 Transfusion of blood products

94 (9.4%)

45 (20.7%)

49 (6.3%)

< 0.001

 Difficult or delayed mobilisatione

134 (13.5%)

38 (17.5%)

96 (12.3%)

0.048

 Wound-related complicationsf

99 (9.9%)

27 (12.4%)

72 (9.2%)

0.164

 Delayed discharge awaiting social services

87 (8.7%)

25 (11.5%)

62 (8.0%)

0.100

 Transferred to another unit for acute post-operative care

11 (1.1%)

5 (2.3%)

6 (0.8%)

0.068+

 Transferred to another unit for rehabilitation

10 (1.0%)

*

8 (1.0%)

1.000+

  1. All p-values provided by chi-square test apart from + which indicates Fisher’s Exact Test
  2. *< 5 patients — number not stated to protect patient confidentiality
  3. aAntiemetics may have been given prophylactically as well as to treat symptoms
  4. bLaxative prescription was standard practice during this period. Constipation figures reflect instances where constipation required additional input during the inpatient journey
  5. cConfusion includes delirium or confusion related to pre-existing cognitive impairments
  6. dVasovagal includes any instance where light-headedness on standing or mobilising necessitated limitations to mobilisation and/or return to bed. It also includes the less common episode of loss of consciousness
  7. eDifficulty or delayed mobilisation includes people who were slow to mobilise for any reason including pre-existing deficits, knee braces, and/or resolving regional anaesthesia
  8. fWe used a very broad definition for wound-related complications include bleeding requiring change of dressing
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Perioperative Medicine

ISSN: 2047-0525