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Table 1 Patient demographic and clinical characteristics

From: Perioperative risk factors for recovery room delirium after elective non-cardiovascular surgery under general anaesthesia

Clinical characteristics

No delirium (n = 171)

Delirium (n = 57)

p value

Age (years)

37 [28–48]

46 [37.5–55]

< 0.001

Age (categories)

  

0.029

 18 ≤ age < 60

162 (76.8%)

49(23.2%)

 

 Age ≥ 60

9 (52.5%)

8 (47.1%)

 

Gender

  

0.395

 Female

101 (77.1%)

30 (22.9%)

 

 Male

70 (72.2%)

27 (27.8%)

 

BMI

21.5 [19.5–24.5]

21.5 [19.4–25.2]

0.713

ASA-PS

  

< 0.001

 I–II

158 (79.4%)

41 (20.6%)

 

 III–IV

13 (44.8%)

16 (55.2%)

 

Primary disease

  

< 0.001

 Benign

156 (80.0%)

39 (20.0%)

 

 Malignant

15 (45.5%)

18 (54.4%)

 

Preoperative LOS

4 [3–6]

5 [3–7]

0.114

Pre-operative blood results

 White blood cell count

  

0.790

  4–10 × 109/L

148 (75.5%)

48 (24.5%)

 

  < 4 × 109/L

15 (75.0%)

5 (25.0%)

 

  > 10 × 109/L

8 (66.7%)

4 (33.3%)

 

 Haemoglobin

  

0.338

  110–150 g/L

135 (77.1%)

40 (22.9%)

 

  < 110 g/L

25 (65.8%)

13 (34.2%)

 

  > 150 g/L

11 (73.3%)

4 (26.7%)

 

 Haematocrit

  

0.716

  37–48%

79 (73.1%)

29 (26.9%)

 

  < 37%

91 (76.5%)

28 (23.5%)

 

  > 48%

1 (100.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

 Serum sodium

  

0.052

  136–145 mmol/L

126 (73.3%)

46 (26.7%)

 

  < 136 mmol/L

2 (40.0%)

3 (60.0%)

 

  > 145 mmol/L

43 (84.3%)

8 (15.7%)

 

 Serum potassium

  

0.219

  3.5–5.1 mmol/L

142 (77.2%)

42 (22.8%)

 

  < 3.5 mmol/L

28 (65.1%)

15 (34.9%)

 

  > 5.1 mmol/L

   

 Serum chloride

  

0.993

  98–107 mmol/L

146 (74.9%)

49 (25.1%)

 

  < 98 mmol/L

3 (75.0%)

1 (25.0%)

 

  > 107 mmol/L

22 (75.9%)

7 (24.1%)

 

 Serum calcium

  

0.020

  2.16–2.60 mmol/L

155 (77.5%)

45 (22.5%)

 

  < 2.16 mmol/L

16 (57.1%)

12 (42.9%)

 

 Serum creatinine

  

0.041

  54-92 μmol/L

78 (67.8%)

37 (32.2%)

 

  < 54 μmol/L

83 (82.2%)

18 (17.8%)

 

  > 92 μmol/L

10 (83.3%)

2 (16.7%)

 

 BUN

  

0.916

  3.2–7.3 mmol/L

143 (74.5%)

49 (25.5%)

 

  < 3.2 mmol/L

14 (77.8%)

4 (22.2%)

 

  > 7.3 mmol/L

14 (77.8%)

4 (22.2%)

 

 Serum total cholesterol

  

0.882

  2.9–5.2 mmol/L

130 (75.6%)

42 (24.4%)

 

  < 2.9 mmol/L

10 (76.9%)

3 (23.1%)

 

  > 5.2 mmol/L

31 (72.1%)

12 (27.9%)

 

 Serum uric acid

  

0.783

  214–488 μmol/L

141 (75.8%)

45 (24.2%)

 

  < 214 μmol/L

24 (72.7%)

9 (27.3%)

 

  > 488 μmol/L

6 (66.7%)

3 (33.3%)

 

 Serum glucose

  

0.042

  3.9–6.4 mmol/L

155 (77.1%)

46 (22.9%)

 

  < 3.9 mmol/L

10 (71.4%)

4 (28.6%)

 

  > 6.4 mmol/L

6 (46.2%)

7 (53.8%)

 

 Elevated serum total or direct bilirubin

  

0.013

  No

154 (77.8%)

44 (22.2%)

 

   Yes

17 (56.7%)

13 (43.3%)

 

 Decreased serum albumin or total protein

  

0.005

  No

146 (78.9%)

39 (21.1%)

 

  Yes

25 (58.1%)

18 (41.9%)

 

 Elevated hepatic enzymes

  

0.065

  No

142 (72.8%)

53 (27.2%)

 

   Yes

29 (87.9%)

4 (12.1%)

 

Surgical parameters

 Type of surgery

  

< 0.001

  Mini-invasive

100 (88.5%)

13 (11.5%)

 

  Invasive

71 (61.7%)

44 (38.3%)

 

 Location of surgery

  

< 0.004

  Head and neck

32 (86.5%)

5 (13.5%)

 

  Intrathoracic

14 (56.0%)

11 (44.0%)

 

  Intra-abdominal

49 (65.3%)

26 (34.7%)

 

  Urogenital

62 (80.5%)

15 (19.5%)

 

  Musculoskeletal and spinal

9 (100.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

  Peripheral

5 (100.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 

Maintenance of anaesthesia

  

< 0.001

  TIVA

40 (95.2%)

2 (4.8%)

 

  Inhalation anaesthetic with isoflurane or sevoflurane

131 (70.4%)

55 (29.6%)

 

 Preoperative heart rate

75 [66–88]

76 [70.5–92]

0.318

 Preoperative systolic BP

117 [108–134]

124 [111–135]

0.103

 Preoperative diastolic BP

72 [63–81]

76 [67–87.5]

0.038

 Preoperative SpO2 (%)

100 [98–100]

100 [98–100]

0.885

 Maximal intraoperative heart rate

90 [80–102]

94[83.5–104.5]

0.201

 Minimal intraoperative heart rate

59 [55–65]

57 [52–66]

0.343

 Maximal intraoperative systolic BP

131 [120–140]

134 [127–145.5]

0.111

 Minimal intraoperative systolic BP

90 [84–96]

89 [82–96]

0.531

 Total intraoperative fluid application

1100 [500–1750]

1500[1125–2250]

< 0.001

 Total intraoperative body fluid loss

9 [0–400]

300 [45–800]

< 0.001

 Duration of surgery

  

< 0.001

  < 120 min

98 (85.2%)

17 (14.8%)

 

  ≥ 120 min

73 (64.6%)

40 (35.4%)

 
  1. Data are median [25–75% percentiles] or n (%)