Clinical characteristics | No delirium (n = 171) | Delirium (n = 57) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37 [28–48] | 46 [37.5–55] | < 0.001 |
Age (categories) | Â | Â | 0.029 |
 18 ≤ age < 60 | 162 (76.8%) | 49(23.2%) |  |
 Age ≥ 60 | 9 (52.5%) | 8 (47.1%) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.395 |
 Female | 101 (77.1%) | 30 (22.9%) |  |
 Male | 70 (72.2%) | 27 (27.8%) |  |
BMI | 21.5 [19.5–24.5] | 21.5 [19.4–25.2] | 0.713 |
ASA-PS |  |  | < 0.001 |
 I–II | 158 (79.4%) | 41 (20.6%) |  |
 III–IV | 13 (44.8%) | 16 (55.2%) |  |
Primary disease |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Benign | 156 (80.0%) | 39 (20.0%) |  |
 Malignant | 15 (45.5%) | 18 (54.4%) |  |
Preoperative LOS | 4 [3–6] | 5 [3–7] | 0.114 |
Pre-operative blood results | |||
 White blood cell count |  |  | 0.790 |
  4–10 × 109/L | 148 (75.5%) | 48 (24.5%) |  |
  < 4 × 109/L | 15 (75.0%) | 5 (25.0%) |  |
  > 10 × 109/L | 8 (66.7%) | 4 (33.3%) |  |
 Haemoglobin |  |  | 0.338 |
  110–150 g/L | 135 (77.1%) | 40 (22.9%) |  |
  < 110 g/L | 25 (65.8%) | 13 (34.2%) |  |
  > 150 g/L | 11 (73.3%) | 4 (26.7%) |  |
 Haematocrit |  |  | 0.716 |
  37–48% | 79 (73.1%) | 29 (26.9%) |  |
  < 37% | 91 (76.5%) | 28 (23.5%) |  |
  > 48% | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |  |
 Serum sodium |  |  | 0.052 |
  136–145 mmol/L | 126 (73.3%) | 46 (26.7%) |  |
  < 136 mmol/L | 2 (40.0%) | 3 (60.0%) |  |
  > 145 mmol/L | 43 (84.3%) | 8 (15.7%) |  |
 Serum potassium |  |  | 0.219 |
  3.5–5.1 mmol/L | 142 (77.2%) | 42 (22.8%) |  |
  < 3.5 mmol/L | 28 (65.1%) | 15 (34.9%) |  |
  > 5.1 mmol/L |  |  |  |
 Serum chloride |  |  | 0.993 |
  98–107 mmol/L | 146 (74.9%) | 49 (25.1%) |  |
  < 98 mmol/L | 3 (75.0%) | 1 (25.0%) |  |
  > 107 mmol/L | 22 (75.9%) | 7 (24.1%) |  |
 Serum calcium |  |  | 0.020 |
  2.16–2.60 mmol/L | 155 (77.5%) | 45 (22.5%) |  |
  < 2.16 mmol/L | 16 (57.1%) | 12 (42.9%) |  |
 Serum creatinine |  |  | 0.041 |
  54-92 μmol/L | 78 (67.8%) | 37 (32.2%) |  |
  < 54 μmol/L | 83 (82.2%) | 18 (17.8%) |  |
  > 92 μmol/L | 10 (83.3%) | 2 (16.7%) |  |
 BUN |  |  | 0.916 |
  3.2–7.3 mmol/L | 143 (74.5%) | 49 (25.5%) |  |
  < 3.2 mmol/L | 14 (77.8%) | 4 (22.2%) |  |
  > 7.3 mmol/L | 14 (77.8%) | 4 (22.2%) |  |
 Serum total cholesterol |  |  | 0.882 |
  2.9–5.2 mmol/L | 130 (75.6%) | 42 (24.4%) |  |
  < 2.9 mmol/L | 10 (76.9%) | 3 (23.1%) |  |
  > 5.2 mmol/L | 31 (72.1%) | 12 (27.9%) |  |
 Serum uric acid |  |  | 0.783 |
  214–488 μmol/L | 141 (75.8%) | 45 (24.2%) |  |
  < 214 μmol/L | 24 (72.7%) | 9 (27.3%) |  |
  > 488 μmol/L | 6 (66.7%) | 3 (33.3%) |  |
 Serum glucose |  |  | 0.042 |
  3.9–6.4 mmol/L | 155 (77.1%) | 46 (22.9%) |  |
  < 3.9 mmol/L | 10 (71.4%) | 4 (28.6%) |  |
  > 6.4 mmol/L | 6 (46.2%) | 7 (53.8%) |  |
 Elevated serum total or direct bilirubin |  |  | 0.013 |
  No | 154 (77.8%) | 44 (22.2%) |  |
   Yes | 17 (56.7%) | 13 (43.3%) |  |
 Decreased serum albumin or total protein |  |  | 0.005 |
  No | 146 (78.9%) | 39 (21.1%) |  |
  Yes | 25 (58.1%) | 18 (41.9%) |  |
 Elevated hepatic enzymes |  |  | 0.065 |
  No | 142 (72.8%) | 53 (27.2%) |  |
   Yes | 29 (87.9%) | 4 (12.1%) |  |
Surgical parameters | |||
 Type of surgery |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Mini-invasive | 100 (88.5%) | 13 (11.5%) |  |
  Invasive | 71 (61.7%) | 44 (38.3%) |  |
 Location of surgery |  |  | < 0.004 |
  Head and neck | 32 (86.5%) | 5 (13.5%) |  |
  Intrathoracic | 14 (56.0%) | 11 (44.0%) |  |
  Intra-abdominal | 49 (65.3%) | 26 (34.7%) |  |
  Urogenital | 62 (80.5%) | 15 (19.5%) |  |
  Musculoskeletal and spinal | 9 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |  |
  Peripheral | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |  |
Maintenance of anaesthesia |  |  | < 0.001 |
  TIVA | 40 (95.2%) | 2 (4.8%) |  |
  Inhalation anaesthetic with isoflurane or sevoflurane | 131 (70.4%) | 55 (29.6%) |  |
 Preoperative heart rate | 75 [66–88] | 76 [70.5–92] | 0.318 |
 Preoperative systolic BP | 117 [108–134] | 124 [111–135] | 0.103 |
 Preoperative diastolic BP | 72 [63–81] | 76 [67–87.5] | 0.038 |
 Preoperative SpO2 (%) | 100 [98–100] | 100 [98–100] | 0.885 |
 Maximal intraoperative heart rate | 90 [80–102] | 94[83.5–104.5] | 0.201 |
 Minimal intraoperative heart rate | 59 [55–65] | 57 [52–66] | 0.343 |
 Maximal intraoperative systolic BP | 131 [120–140] | 134 [127–145.5] | 0.111 |
 Minimal intraoperative systolic BP | 90 [84–96] | 89 [82–96] | 0.531 |
 Total intraoperative fluid application | 1100 [500–1750] | 1500[1125–2250] | < 0.001 |
 Total intraoperative body fluid loss | 9 [0–400] | 300 [45–800] | < 0.001 |
 Duration of surgery |  |  | < 0.001 |
  < 120 min | 98 (85.2%) | 17 (14.8%) |  |
  ≥ 120 min | 73 (64.6%) | 40 (35.4%) |  |