Table 1 Patient characteristics, cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing major colorectal surgery

Age (years)

68 ± 11

68 ± 12

0.640

BMI (kg/m²)

28 ± 5

28 ± 6

0.653

TNM

0.663

 0

11 (4.5%)

5 (3.4%)

 1

17 (6.9%)

13 (8.8%)

 2

46 (18.8%)

32 (21.8%)

 3

134 (54.7%)

76 (51.7%)

 4

37 (15.1%)

21 (14.3%)

Laparoscopy

0.407

 Yes

169 (39.5%)

100 (36.4%)

 No

259 (60.5%)

175 (63.6%)

VO₂at AT (L/min)

1.2 ± 0.5

0.8 ± 0.3

0.000

VO₂at AT (mL/kg/min)

13.1 ± 4.6

11.3 ± 3.9

0.000

VO₂peak (L/min)

1.6 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.3

0.000

VO₂peak (mL/kg/min)

21.0 ± 6.6

17.2 ± 5.3

0.000

V_E/VCO₂AT

31.1 ± 6.4

30.5 ± 8.1

0.236

WR peak (watts)

114.7 ± 45.7

73.0 ± 33.4

0.000

HR peak (bpm)

134 ± 21.2

133 ± 22.9

0.805

Length of stay (days)

9.9 ± 9.7

9.6 ± 6.9

0.696

Complications

 Yes

279 (65.2%)

166 (60.4%)

 No

149 (34.8%)

109 (39.6%)

30-day mortality

7 (1.6%)

5 (1.8%)

0.855

1-year mortality

20 (4.7%)

16 (5.8%)

0.502