Method | Threshold (%) | Main limitations |
---|---|---|
Pulse pressure/stroke volume variations (PPV/SVV) (Michard et al., 2000) | 12 | Cannot be used in case of spontaneous breathing, low tidal volume/lung compliance. Need regular cardiac rhythm |
Inferior vena cava diameter variations (Vignon et al., 2017) | 12 | Cannot be used in case of spontaneous breathing, low tidal volume/lung compliance. Need regular cardiac rhythm |
Superior vena cava diameter variations (Vignon et al., 2017) | 36 | Requires performing transesophageal Doppler. Cannot be used in case of spontaneous breathing, low tidal volume/lung compliance. Need regular cardiac rhythm |
Passive leg raising (Monnet et al., 2006) | 10 | Requires a direct measurement of cardiac output. May be inaccurate in intra-abdominal hypertension |
End-expiratory occlusion test (Monnet et al., 2009) | 5 | Cannot be used in non-intubated patients. Cannot be used in patients who interrupt a 15-second respiratory hold |
“Mini” fluid challenge (Muller et al., 2011) | 6 | Requires a precise technique for measuring cardiac output |
“Conventional” fluid challenge (500 mL) (Vincent & Weil, 2006) | 15 | Requires a direct measurement of cardiac output. Can induce fluid overload if repeated |