Table 2 Demographic and co-morbidities
From: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for lumbar spine fusion
Pre-ERAS (n = 123) | Post-ERAS (n = 96) | *p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 123 | 96 | |
Gender, # and % male | 53 (43.1%) | 48 (50.0%) | 0.3395 |
Age | 60.3 (12.9) | 61.3 (13.3) | 0.7308 |
BMI | 29.7 (5.5) | 29.7 (4.8) | 0.7783 |
Coronary artery disease, #(%) | 15 (12.2%) | 10 (10.4%) | 0.8286 |
Hypertension, #(%) | 68 (55.3%) | 50 (52.1%) | 0.6715 |
Asthma, #(%) | 13 (10.6%) | 7 (7.3%) | 0.4834 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, #(%) | 8 (6.5%) | 7 (7.3%) | 1.0000 |
Diabetes mellitus—non-insulin dependent, #(%) | 9 (7.3%) | 15 (15.6%) | 0.0794 |
Diabetes mellitus—insulin dependent, #(%) | 4 (3.3%) | 2 (2.1%) | 0.7009 |
History of cerebrovascular accident, #(%) | 4 (3.3%) | 5 (5.2%) | 0.5096 |
Anxiety, #(%) | 22 (17.9%) | 17 (17.7%) | 1.0000 |
Depression, #(%) | 18 (14.6%) | 10 (10.4%) | 0.4078 |
Kidney disease, #(%) | 10 (8.1%) | 4 (4.2%) | 0.2775 |
Liver disease, #(%) | 2 (2.1%) | 0.1926 | |
Obstructive sleep apnea, #(%) | 16 (13.0%) | 4 (4.2%) | 0.0326 |
Alcohol abuse, #(%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.5024 | |
Tobacco abuse, #(%) | |||
• Yes, NOT within the last 6 months | 39 (31.7%) | 41 (42.7%) | 0.1199 |
• Yes, within the last 6 months | 25 (20.3%) | 15 (15.6%) | 0.3850 |
Substance abuse, #(%) | |||
• Yes, NOT within the last 6 months | 2 (1.6%) | 4 (4.2%) | 0.4307 |
• Yes, within the last 6 months | 3 (2.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | 1.0000 |
ASA PS class ≥ 3 | 63 (51.2%) | 50 (52.1%) | 1.0000 |
Non-surgical treatments utilized | |||
• Physical therapy | 51 (41.5%) | 23 (24.0%) | 0.0104 |
• Acupuncture | 17 (13.8%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.2928 |
• Chiropractic | 27 (22.0%) | 14 (14.6%) | 0.2222 |
• Epidural or facet injections | 78 (63.4%) | 51 (53.1%) | 0.1310 |
Preoperative pain medication (last 30 days) | |||
• NSAIDs | 76 (61.8%) | 48 (50.0%) | 0.0992 |
• Opioids, short-acting (immediate-release) | 57 (46.3%) | 47 (49.0%) | 0.7852 |
• Opioids, long-acting (extended-release, e.g., OxyContin, MSContin, Methadone) | 4 (3.3%) | 2 (2.1%) | 0.7021 |
• Anticonvulsants | 30 (24.4%) | 29 (30.2%) | 0.3720 |
• Antidepressants | 31 (25.2%) | 29 (30.2%) | 0.4464 |
• Benzodiazepines | 18 (14.6%) | 12 (12.5%) | 0.6964 |
• Muscle relaxants | 24 (19.5%) | 11 (11.5%) | 0.1350 |
• Acetaminophen | 42 (34.1%) | 34 (35.4%) | 0.8826 |