Table 3 Intraoperative and postoperative opioid use, by spine and major joint procedures

Total intraoperative opioids (ME), mg

115 (95–185)

85 (69–120)

0.006

18 (15–45)

23 (15–68)

0.77

 Incremental only

21 % (6)

15 % (13)

0.56

0 % (0)

2 % (1)

1.00

 Continuous and incremental

69 % (20)

36 % (31)

0.002

0 % (0)

3 % (2)

1.00

 None

10 % (3)

49 % (106)

<0.001

100 % (22)

95 % (63)

0.57

 First 8 h

40 (0–470)

33 (0–179)

0.42

26 (0–107)

9 (0–240)

0.01

 First 24 h

117 (10–1414)

87 (0–448)

0.05

109 (15–224)

64 (0–499)

0.03

 First 48 h

240 (10–981)

153 (0–857)

0.37

130 (65–397)

137 (0–934)

0.97

 First 72 h

416 (20–1451)

242 (15–1262)

0.33

174 (112–236)

190 (17–1480)

0.79

 First 96 h

716 (408–1023)

331 (37–1667)

0.64

112 (112–112)

189 (22–2110)

0.59

Use of other sedative during postoperative course

83 % (24)

48 % (42)

0.001

64 % (14)

52 % (34)

0.46