Table 4 Principles of hemodynamic monitoring (Vincent et al .) [133 ]

No hemodynamic monitoring technique can improve outcome by itself

If the data are interpreted or applied incorrectly the resultant change in management will not improve patient outcome and may be deleterious

Monitoring requirements may vary over time

Optimal monitoring system depend on the individual patient, the problem already present or potentially arising, and the devices and expertise available. Different monitoring techniques can sometimes be used to complement each other.

There are no optimal hemodynamic values or targets that are applicable to all patients

Targets and alarms should thus be individualized and reassessed regularly

Any variable on its own provides just one piece of a large puzzle

Variables should be combined and integrated

Continuous measurements of hemodynamic variables is preferable

Real time information and trends are useful on the perioperative settings