Table 1 Characteristics and quality of studies included
Author | Study design | Nature of surgery | Study outcomes | Follow-up length | Follow-up completeness (n/N) | Outcome assessment | Preoperative cardiac risk factors evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charlson [14] | Observational: prospective | Cholecystectomy, vascular | Cardiac death, MI, myocardial ischemia | 7 days postop or death or discharge | 254/278 (91.4%) | Blinded | CAD, cardiomegaly (Only hypertensive and diabetic patients enrolled) |
Ashton [23] | Observational: prospective and retrospective | Non-cardiac | MI | Hospital discharge | 835/835 (100%) | Unblinded | Age, CAD, CF, cerebrovascular disease, chronic beta-blockade, diabetes, hypertension |
Frank [15] | Prospective: randomized, single blind | Abdominal, thoracic, vascular | Cardiac arrest, MI, unstable angina | 24 h postop | 270/300 (90%) | Blinded | Age, ASA class, CAD, beta-blockade, diabetes, hypertension |
Sprung [16] | Observational: retrospective | Vascular | Cardiac death, MI | Hospital discharge | 6,948/6,948 (100%) | Unblinded | CAD, CF, beta-blockade, valvular heart disease |
Ali [17] | Prospective: randomized, single blind | Vascular | MI, myocardial injury | 7 days postop | 82/82 (100%) | Blinded | Age, CAD, hypertension, NYHA functional capacity, POSSUM score |
Davenport [36] | Observational: retrospective | General, vascular | Cardiac arrest, MI | 30 days postop | 182,900/183,069 (99.9%) | Unblinded | Age, ASA class, CF, CVA, gender, renal dysfunction |
Bursi [18] | Observational: retrospective | Vascular | Death, MI | 30 days postop | 359/359 (100%) | Blinded | Age, CAD, diabetes, gender, hypertension, renal dysfunction, smoking history |
Matyal [25] | Observational: prospective | Vascular | MI, CF, significant arrhythmia, prolonged intubation, renal failure, death | 30 days postop | 325/325 (100%) | Unblinded | Age, renal dysfunction |
Oscarsson [19] | Observational: prospective | Non-cardiac | Cardiac death, MI | Hospital discharge | 186/211 (88%) | Unblinded | Age, CF, diabetes, diuretics, nitrates |
Winkel [20] | Observational: retrospective | Vascular | Cardiac death, MI, unstable angina | 12-48 h postop & 30 days to 3 months postop | 317/317 (100%) | Unblinded | Cardiac risk classification, gender, hypertension |
D’Ayala [21] | Observational: retrospective | Lower limb amputations | MI, postop cardiac dysrhythmia | 30 days postop | 300/300 (100%) | Unblinded | CAD, diabetes, hypertension, renal dysfunction |
Martin [24] | Observational: retrospective | Vascular | Death, MI | Hospital discharge | 403,974/403,974 (100%) | Unblinded | Age, CF, diabetes, renal dysfunction |
Devereaux [22] | Prospective: randomized, controlled, blinded | Non-cardiac | Death, MI | Hospital discharge | 8,331/8,351 (99.7%) | Unblinded | Age, CF, heart rate, renal dysfunction, statin therapy |
Rodseth [27] | Prospective: observational | Vascular | Death, troponin elevation | 30 days postop | 149/149 | Unblinded | Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptides |